L-serine functionalized GNPs were found to have remarkable specificity towards lead (Pb 2+) ions. We further tested the interaction of GNPs with nine different bivalent heavy metal cations. UV-Visible spectroscopy and optical images were used to examine the colloidal stability of the dispersions. The size and morphology of the GNPs were characterized using TEM and DLS analysis. Interestingly, further functionalization with L-serine reduced the GNP stability mildly, and made the dispersion more susceptible to destabilization using 1 M NaCl. It was found that adsorption of Tween-20 on Citrate-GNPs improved their colloidal stability due to which it resisted NaCl-mediated destabilization well up to 1 M NaCl. The minimum concentration of Tween-20 for effective stabilization was found to be 1.88 mg mL −1. Tween-20 stabilization was essential to maintain the colloidal stability of the GNPs during further functionalization. Using a similar method, we demonstrate the synthesis of L-serine functionalized Tween-20 stabilized Citrate-GNPs. One commonly used approach for formulation of functionalized GNPs involves the synthesis of Citrate-capped GNPs followed by replacement of the citrate molecules by a functional ligand. Surface functionalization plays a vital role in determining the applicability of gold nanoparticles (GNPs).
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